My Family History Research

Skrok Immigrants from Pielaszów to Buffalo, New York

My grandparents were Jan Skrok and Agnieszka Kapuścińska. Jan‘s sister was Stanisława Skrok before her marriage to Adam Kiec. These Skrok siblings immigrated to Buffalo, New York, in 1913.

In researching my family history, I found other Skrok families in Buffalo, but did not know if they were related to my family.

The 1929 Buffalo, New York city directory listed four Skrok couples, including my grandparents John and Agnes at 55 Townsend Street:

• Anthony (Josephine)
• John (Agnes)
• Thos (Kate)
• Walter (Mary)

Who were Anthony, Thomas, and Walter Skrok and where were they from?

I found the answer as I was researching Stanisława‘s husband (and after her death, Agnieszka‘s husband) Adam Kiec, who was born in 1892 in Dobrocice and baptized at Malice Kościelne in the Radom province of Russian occupied Poland.

Jan and Stanisława Skrok were born in Kaliszany to Wincenty Skrok and Marianna Kaszpryk in the Radom Province of Russian occupied Poland in 1892 and 1894 and baptized in Wojciechowice near Opatów and Sandomierz in what is now the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship of Poland.

Malice Kościelne is about ten kilometers from Wojciechowice.

While looking through the records for the Kiec family, I discovered that Tomasz Skrok, Władysław Skrok, and Antoni Skrok were born in the nearby village of Pielaszów and also baptized at Malice Kościelne.

Some older maps and documents list the village name as Pilaszów. Polish Wikipedia states that “The first mention of Pielaszów comes from the 13th century. The village belonged to the holdings of the Cistercian monastery in Koprzywnica.”

While Tomasz Skrok was the son of Marcin Skrok and Anna Ciamaga, Władysław and Antoni Skrok were brothers, the sons of Paweł Skrok and Apolonia Serafin.

Tomasz Skrok

Tomasz Skrok was born 10 Nov 1885 in Pilaszów to Marcin Skrok and Anna Ciamaga. He was baptized in 1885 in Malice Kościelne, Lipnik, Opatów, Radom in Russian Poland.

29 October/10 November 1885. Marcin Skrok 25 age father, Anna nee Ciamaga 21 age. Child : TOMASZ born 29 Oct/10 Nov. Godparents Józef Skrok and Helena Ciamaga

abstract, baptism record Tomasz Skrok, Malice Kościelne

Tomasz Skrok immigrated on 25 Feb 1909 to New York, New York, United States on the ship Vaderland from Antwerp, Belgium with a final destination of Buffalo, New York.

Tomasz SKROK and Katarzyna GAJEWSKA were married on 11 May 1910 at St. Stanislaus RC Church in Buffalo, Erie, New York.

Katarzyna Gajewska, the daughter of Józef Gajewski and Maria Sliwińska, was born in Pielaszów about 1888.

Tomasz Skrok worked as a machinist at the United States Rubber Reclaiming Company in Buffalo and was caught in the moving belting of some shafting on July 1, 1913. His right arm was broken and one of his feet crushed in the accident.

WANTS RELEASE SET ASIDE AND ASKS FOR $10,000
Alleging he was misled into signing two releases, for claims for damages covering injuries received while in the employ of the United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., Thomas Skrok brought action against that company for $10,000 damages. The case was tried before Justice Woodward and a Supreme Court Jury yesterday.
Skrok worked as a machinist for the company, and on July 1, 1913, was caught in the moving belting of some shafting, and when rescued his right arm was broken and one of his feet crushed. He alleges a claim agent for an Indemnity insurance company told him he would receive his pay while he was laid up and would be given a job when he recovered if he would sign a release. He was induced to sign a release for $560. He now seeks to have the release set aside, crediting the defendant with $560 on any judgment given him.

Buffalo Courier, Buffalo, New York, 20 February 1918, page 7

Claiming the insurance agent acted fraudulently in inducing the immigrant into signing two separate releases promising a future job and source of income, a settlement was reached in 1918 and Thomas Skrok was awarded $1,500.

GETS VERDICT OF $1,500
A verdict of $1,500 in favor of Thomas Skrok against the United States Rubber Reclaiming Co. was returned to Justice Woodward by a supreme court jury yesterday. Skrok was injured on July 1, 1913, when he was caught in a belt at the company’s plant.

Buffalo Courier, Buffalo, New York, 21 February 1918, page 4

In 1930, Thomas and Catherine Skrok were living with their family at 36 Lyman Street in Buffalo, Erie, New York.

Tomasz SKROK and Katarzyna GAJEWSKA had the following children:

• Helena Bronislawa SKROK, born 26 Mar 1911, Buffalo, Erie, New York, United States; married William G. KERNIG; she died 16 Oct 1995, Bryan, Williams, Ohio.
• Maryanna SKROK was born on 13 Mar 1912 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; she died 29 Mar 2006 in Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Stefania Anna SKROK, born 30 Oct 1914, Buffalo, Erie, New York, United States; married Franklin KUMRO; she died 21 Dec 1999, Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Bolesław SKROK born 5 Mar 1916 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died 30 Jan 1961 in Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Edward SKROK born 6 Sep 1917 and died 19 Oct 1917 in Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Stanisława SKROK, born 21 Apr 1919, Buffalo, Erie, New York; married Teodor DZIELSKI; she died 8 May 2004.
• Pelagia SKROK was born 21 Apr 1919, Buffalo, Erie, New York. Known as “Peggy,” she died 1 Oct 1998 in Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Leon SKROK born 17 Apr 1924 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died Feb 1976.
• Franciszek SKROK born 4 May 1927 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died before 1930.

Tomasz Skrok died as a result of an accident on 21 Nov 1930 at the age of 45 in Buffalo, Erie, New York. His death notice was published in Dziennik dla Wszystkich [Everybody’s Daily], the Polish newspaper in Buffalo, New York, on 22 November 1930.

It listed his family.

Katarzyna, wife. Helena, Maryanna, Stefania, Stanisława and Pelagia, daughters; Bolesław and Leon, sons. V. Gajewski, brother.

Dziennik dla Wszystkich, 22 November 1930.

Katarzyna Skrok died on 20 Feb 1975. She was buried alongside her husband at St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Cemetery in Cheektowaga, Erie, New York.

Władysław Skrok

Władysław Skrok was born in 1888 in Pilaszów to Paweł Skrok and Apolonia Serafin. He was baptized in Malice Kościelne, Lipnik, Opatów, Radom in Russian Poland.

Władysław Skrok born 16/28 December. Father Paweł Skrok 38 age m. Apolonia nee Serafin 30 age, witness Józef Skrok 48 age, Michał Dębowski 36 age. Godparents Jan Skrok and Marianna Mędrzychowska.

abstract, baptism record Władysław Skrok, Malice Kościelne

Władysław Skrok immigrated on 28 Apr 1913 to New York, New York on the ship Lapland from Antwerp, Belgium, with a final destination of Buffalo, New York.

Władysław Skrok and Maryanna Gałęza were married on 20 Oct 1914 in Buffalo, Erie, New York. Maryanna Gałęza, daughter of Szymon Gałęza and Salomea Pałacz, was born about 14 Oct 1890 in Bidziny, Wojciechowice.

Władysław Skrok declared his intention to become an United States citizen 2 Oct 1926, and petitioned for naturalization 5 Jan 1929.

In 1930, Walter and Mary Skrok were living with their family at 98 Sweet Avenue in Buffalo, Erie, New York.

Władysław Jan SKROK and Maryanna GAŁĘZA had the following children:

• Władysława SKROK, born 23 Aug 1915, Buffalo, Erie, New York; married Maciej WOJCIECHOWSKI, 1 Jun 1935, Buffalo, Erie, New York; she died 14 Mar 2000, Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Maciej SKROK, born 23 Dec 1919; married Viola SINICKI, Sep 1941, Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died 15 Sep 1967, Buffalo, Erie, New York.
• Jan Szymon SKROK, born 18 Feb 1928; married Alice OLEKSIAK; he died Jan 1985.

Walter Skrok died on 18 May 1956 at the age of 67 in Buffalo, Erie, New York.

SKROK—Walter. May 16, 1956. of 98 Sweet Ave., beloved husband of Mary (nee Galeza); father of Mrs. Matthew (Lottie) Wojciechowskl, Matthew and John; father-in-law of Matthew, Betty and Alice, survived by grandchildren; brother of Andrew and the late Anthony. Funeral Monday at 9:30 A. M. from Casper C. Urban Funeral Home. 188 Clark St., off Broadway, and at Corpus Christi Church at 10. Burial In St. Stanislaus Cemetery. Friends are invited to attend.

Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo, New York, 18 May 1956, page 34 Section III Vital Statistics

Maryanna Skrok died in Jun 1976 and was buried alongside her husband at St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Cemetery in Cheektowaga, Erie, New York.

Antoni Skrok

Antoni Skrok was born in 8 June 1891 in Pilaszów to Paweł Skrok and Apolonia Serafin. He was baptized in Malice Kościelne, Lipnik, Opatów, Radom in Russian Poland.

Antoni Skrok born 27 May /8 June 1891 year, 10 am, Father Paweł 38 age, mother Apolonia nee Serafin 30 age. Witness: Józef Skrok 48 age. Godparents Michał Serafin and Katarzyna Szymańska.

abstract, baptism record Antoni Skrok, Malice Kościelne

Antoni Skrok, along with a possible cousin, Zygmunt Skrok, immigrated on 4 Dec 1912 to New York, New York on the ship Zeeland from Antwerp, Belgium, with a final destination of Buffalo, New York.

Antoni Skrok and Marya Olejniczak were married in Oct 1916. Marya Olejniczak was born on 2 Sep 1893 and died on 28 Oct 1918 at the age of 25. She was buried at St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Cemetery in Cheektowaga, Erie, New York.

Antoni Stanisław SKROK and Marya OLEJNICZAK had the following child:

• Florentyna SKROK, born 8 Jul 1917, Buffalo, Erie, New York; married Bernard KILANOWSKI, 25 May 1946, Buffalo, Erie, New York; she died 28 Jun 1959, Bellevue, Erie, New York.

Widower Antoni Skrok then married Józefa Andrzejewska 28 Jan 1919 in Buffalo, Erie, New York. Józefa Andrzejewska, daughter of Adam Andrzejewski, was born on 27 Feb 1894.

Antoni SKROK and Józefa ANDRZEJEWSKA had the following children:

• Benedykt SKROK born 8 Nov 1919 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died 3 Jan 1990.
• Henryk SKROK born 18 Dec 1920 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died 5 May 1996 .
• Ryszard SKROK born 1 Oct 1922 in Buffalo, Erie, New York; he died in Feb 1985.
• Dorota SKROK, born 31 Aug 1925, Buffalo, Erie, New York; married Alfred SKORUPA 11 May 1946, Buffalo, Erie, New York.

In 1930, Antoni and Józefa Skrok and their children lived at 40 Goodyear Avenue in Buffalo, Erie, New York, along with Józefa‘s father and brother.

Antoni Skrok died on 10 Nov 1951 at the age of 60 in Cheektowaga, Erie, New York. Józefa Skrok died in Nov 1991 at the age of 97. They were both buried at St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Cemetery in Cheektowaga, Erie, New York.

Zygmunt Skrok

Together with Antoni Skrok, Zygmunt Skrok immigrated on 4 Dec 1912 to New York, New York on the ship Zeeland from Antwerp, Belgium, with a final destination of Buffalo, New York. Zygmunt Skrok was born in 1888 in Pilaszów to Franciszek Skrok and Jadwiga Gach. He was baptized in Malice Kościelne, Lipnik, Opatów, Radom in Russian Poland.

Unfortunately, I do not know what happened to Zygmunt. Perhaps he moved on or returned to Poland. It is possible he died or changed his name. I did not find any variation of the name Zygmunt Skrok in subsequent American records.

Andrzej Skrok

Walter Skrok‘s death notice in 1956 says that he was survived by a brother Andrew in Poland. Andrzej Skrok was born in 1896 in Pilaszów to Paweł Skrok and Apolonia Serafin. He was baptized in Malice Kościelne, Lipnik, Opatów, Radom in Russian Poland.

Andrzej Skrok was still young when his brothers Władysław and Antoni immigrated to the United States. Although he may have later thought to join his brothers in America, the era of open immigration ended in 1914 with the outbreak of the Great War. From an average of a million immigrants annually in the years before the war (approximately 98% of applicants were admitted, and about three quarters of them were processed through Ellis Island), immigration went down to 110,618 people in 1918.

Skrok Relatives?

While we now know more about where these Skrok men were from, we do not yet know how closely we may be related!

There were other Skrok men (and probably women, as well) who came to Buffalo, New York, from the Radom province of Russian Poland. Brothers Filip Skrok (1867-1929) and Feliks Skrok (born in 1871) arrived in 1907, and Kazimierz Skrok (born in 1880, Gierczyce) arrived in 1910. Józef Skrok (son of Józef Skrok and Helena Mazur, born in 1894, Daromin, Sandomierz) served in the U.S. Army in WWI. Joseph Skrok died in Buffalo, Erie, New York, in 1951 and was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery.

Sources

• Map excerpt Juliusz Kolberg, Atlas Królestwa Polskiego = Atlas du Royaume de Pologne, https://polona.pl, public domain
• Edytorzy Wikipedii, “Pielaszów,” Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia, //pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pielasz%C3%B3w&oldid=58022039 (dostęp grudzień 29, 2019).
• Genbaza, “Genbaza,” database, Polish Genealogical Society, Genealodzy (Metryki.GenBaza.pl: accessed 25 December 2019), GenBaza / AP_Kielce / AP_Sandomierz / Malice_Koscielne / 1885 / IMG_0081.JPG; citing Urząd Stanu Cywilnego (Civil Registry Office).
• “Ancestry Passenger Lists,” database, Ancestry (ancestry.com: accessed 27 December 2019), Tomas Skrok; citing Passenger Lists.
• Wants Release Set Aside and Asks For $10,000, Buffalo Courier, Buffalo, New York, 20 February 1918, page 7.
• United States, Selective Service System, “United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918,” database, National Archives and Records Administration (online : accessed 3 November 2019), Thomas Skrok.
• Buffalo Courier, 21 February 1918.
• A Lawsuit with Many Angles to It, Buffalo Commercial, Buffalo, New York, 19 February 1918, Page 9.
• Tomasz Skrok Otrzyma $1500, Dziennik dla Wszystkich [Everybody’s Daily], Buffalo, New York, 21 February 1918, page 8.
• 1930 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo, Erie, New York, enumeration district (ED) 0068, Page: 14B, Thomas Skrok; digital images,  (online : accessed 3 January 2020); Fifteenth Census of the United States.
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• St. Stanislaus RC Cemetery (Cheektowaga, New York), https://gravefinderatststans.com, Tomasz Skrok.
• St. Stanislaus Bishop & Martyr RC Church (Buffalo, New York), , Marriage, 190, Tomasz Skrok,; FHL microfilm , https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS4N-6439-5?i=1537&cat=23415.
• Polskie Towarzystwo Genealogiczne, “Geneteka, Metryki,” database, Polish Genealogical Society, Genealodzy (genealodzy.pl: accessed 25 December 2019), 1910 36 Tomasz Skrok Marc., Anna Ciamaga Katarzyna Gajewska Józef, Maria Sliwińska USA-Buffalo NY św. Stanisław; citing church records or Urząd Stanu Cywilnego (Civil Registry Office).
• 1920 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo Ward 9, Erie, New York, United States, enumeration district (ED) 73, 7A, 128, Thomas Skrok; digital images, National Archives (online : accessed 3 November 2019); Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Records of the Bureau of the Census,.
• 1940 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Ward 6, Buffalo, Buffalo City, Erie, New York, United States, enumeration district (ED) 64-127, 2A, 34, Catherine Skrok; digital images,  (online : accessed 3 November 2019); Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940.
• St. Stanislaus RC Cemetery (Cheektowaga, New York), gravestones and record cards.
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• “Access to Archival Databases (AAD),” data, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (aad.archives.gov : accessed 1 December 2019), Mary Florence Skrok, 105094587.
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• Find a Grave, William J Skrok.
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• St. Stanislaus Bishop & Martyr RC Church,  Buffalo, New York, Church records, FHL microfilm, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS4G-M4WQ-6?i=295&cat=23415.
• St. Stanislaus RC Church, Buffalo, New York, Deaths, .
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• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index”, database, Death Master File, Peggy E. Skrok, 058-14-5991, 1951.
• New York State Vital Records Index, Birth, Certificate Number: 28866, Leon Skrok.
• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index,” database, Social Security Applications and Claims (online : accessed 28 December 2019), Leo J Skrok, 094186113.
• “Access to Archival Databases (AAD),” data, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Leo Skrok.
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• New York State Vital Records Index, Birth, Certificate Number: 34794, Franciszek Skrok.
• Genbaza, “Genbaza,” database, Polish Genealogical Society, Genealodzy (Metryki.GenBaza.pl: accessed 14 January 2020), Apolonia Serafin,  GenBaza / AP_Kielce / AP_Sandomierz / Malice_Koscielne / 1860 / _7844.JPG , http://metryki.genbaza.com/genbaza,detail,106560,4; citing Urząd Stanu Cywilnego (Civil Registry Office).
• Genealodzy, Andrzej Skrok, GenBaza / AP_Kielce / AP_Sandomierz / Malice_Koscielne / 1896 / IMG_0851.JPG.
• SKROK—Walter, Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo, New York, 18 May 1956, page 34 Section  III  Vital  Statistics. Andrew Skrok is listed as a living brother in Walter Skrok’s death notice.
• Genealodzy, GenBaza / AP_Kielce / AP_Sandomierz / Malice_Koscielne / 1888 / IMG_0268.JPG.
• Buffalo Evening News, 18 May 1956.
• St. Stanislaus RC Cemetery (Cheektowaga, New York), https://gravefinderatststans.com, Wladyslaw Skrok.
• Wadislaw Skrok, Mary Galesa, Buffalo Courier, Buffalo, New York, 11 October 1914, Page 38.
• New York State, Department of Health, Vital Records Index, Marriage, Certificate Number: 27047, Wadislaw Skrok, Mary Galera, 20 October 1914, Albany, New York.
• 1930 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo, Erie, New York, enumeration district (ED) 0059, Page: 2A, Walter Skrok; digital images,  (online : accessed 12 January 2020); Fifteenth Census of the United States.
• 1940 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo, Erie, New York, enumeration district (ED) 64-110, Page: 2A, Walter Skrok; digital images,  (online : accessed 27 December 2019); Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940.
• “Access to Archival Databases (AAD),” data, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (aad.archives.gov : accessed 28 December 2019), Mary Barbara Skrok, 096389455.
• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index,” database, Social Security Applications and Claims (online : accessed 12 January 2020), Mary Barbara Skrok, 096389455, June 1963.
• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index,” database, Death Master File (: accessed 13 January 2020), Mary Skrok, 051-54-7931, 1973.
• St. Stanislaus RC Cemetery (Cheektowaga, New York), https://gravefinderatststans.com.
• Genealodzy, GenBaza / AP_Kielce / AP_Sandomierz / Malice_Koscielne / 1891 / IMG_0441.JPG.
• New York State Vital Records Index, Death, Entry Number: 67556, Anthony Skrok.
• Buffalo Courier, 11 October 1916.
• United States, Selective Service System, “United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918,” database, National Archives and Records Administration (online : accessed 12 January 2020), Antoni Stanislaus Skrok.
• “Find a Grave,” database, Find a Grave (findagrave.com: accessed 21 December 2019), Marya Skrok; citing cemetery records.
• New York State Vital Records Index, Marriage, Certificate Number: 5110, Antoni Skrok, Josepha Andrzejewska.
• Antoni Skrok, No. 89 Gibson street —Josefa Andrzejewska, No. 35 Gittere street., Buffalo Courier Express, Buffalo, New York, 19 January 1919, page 51, column 3.
• 1920 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo Ward 16, Erie, New York, enumeration district (ED) 127, Page: 42B, Anthony Skrok; digital images, National Archives (online : accessed 21 December 2019); Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Records of the Bureau of the Census,.
• 1930 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo, Erie, New York, ED 0134, Page: 15B, , Anthony Skrok.
• 1940 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo, Erie, New York, ED 64-233, Page: 3A, , Anthony Skrok.
• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index”, database, Social Security Applications and Claims, Josephine Skrok, 070076445.
• New York State Vital Records Index, Birth, Certificate Number: 83249, Benedikt Skrok.
• “Access to Archival Databases (AAD),” data, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration>, Ben Skrok.
• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index”, database, Social Security Applications and Claims, Henry Joseph Skrok, 122102941, 1937.
• Find a Grave, Marya Skrok.
• New York State Vital Records Index, Birth, Certificate Number: 82260, Richard H Skrok.
• Buffalo Evening News, 17 April 1945.
• Buffalo Evening News, 21 April 1945.
• Immigration and the Great War, National Park Service, updated October 30, 2018 (https://www.nps.gov/articles/immigration-and-the-great-war.htm : accessed 1 Mar 2020).
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• Ancestry, Filip Skrok.
• New York State, Department of Health, Vital Records Index, 1785, Filip Skrok, 22 January 1929, Albany, New York.
• Death: Filip Skrok, Grote Street, Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo, New York, 25 January 1929, RECORDS—EVENTS 33.
• St. Stanislaus RC Cemetery (Cheektowaga, New York), https://gravefinderatststans.com, Filip Skrok.
• “Ancestry Passenger Lists,” database, Ancestry (ancestry.com: accessed 4 February 2020), Kazmierz Skrok; citing Passenger Lists.
• 1910 Federal Census, New York State, population schedule, Buffalo Ward 8, Erie, New York, enumeration district (ED) 71, page 24A, Kazimierz Skrok; digital images, NARA microfilm publication T624 (online : accessed 27 January 2019); Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910.
• “Ancestry Passenger Lists,” database, Ancestry (ancestry.com: accessed 30 December 2019), Josef Skrok; citing Passenger Lists.
• United States, Selective Service System, “United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918,” database, National Archives and Records Administration (online : accessed 30 December 2019), Joseph Skrok.
• 1920 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Buffalo Ward 21, Erie, New York, enumeration district (ED) 196, Page: 11B, Joseph Skrok; digital images, National Archives (online : accessed 30 December 2019); Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Records of the Bureau of the Census,.
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• Social Security Administration, “U.S. Social Security Death Index,” database, Social Security Applications and Claims (online : accessed 30 December 2019), Joseph Skrok, 122057132, March 1938.
• 1940 Federal Census, New York, population schedule, Ward 5, Buffalo, Buffalo City, Erie, New York, United States, enumeration district (ED) 64-88, 8A, Joseph Skrok; digital images,  (online : accessed 9 February 2020); Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940.
• National Archives, “World War II Draft Registration Cards,” database, Ancestry.com (: accessed 30 December 2019), Joseph Skrok.
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• “Billion Graves,” database, Billion Graves (billiongraves.com: accessed Feb 2020).